Public Safety Innovation (PSI) Lab
Cutting-Edge Public Safety Research
Policing Crowds
The PSI Lab studies how police agencies prepare for and respond to demonstrations, protests, major public events, and other crowd situations. Our research examines how police strategy, officer decision-making, crowd-management tactics, and interactions between police and participants can influence escalation, de-escalation, public safety, civil liberties, and perceptions of police legitimacy.
This work includes research on protest policing in the United States and internationally, evaluations of police responses to major crowd events, and studies of how members of the public interpret police action—or inaction—during moments of disorder. PSI also works with police agencies and other partners to translate research on crowd behavior and public-order policing into practical guidance for planning and response.
Selected Research
Phoenix Police Crowd Response Assessment
The PSI Lab conducted a review of the Phoenix Police Department's capacity for policing crowd events. The assessment examined police preparation and response to crowd events, including implications for strategy, tactics, public safety, and police-community relations.
The final report was submitted to the Phoenix Police Department on January 17, 2022.
Violence During Crowd Events
PSI studies violence and disorder during crowd events, including protest-related homicides, vehicle-ramming incidents, and the 2024 Copa América final in Miami.
Recent research examines how crowd members interpreted police inaction during the 2024 Copa América stadium breach and how those perceptions shaped judgments of police legitimacy.
Recent Publications and Reports
Inaction as illegitimacy: crowd perceptions of police during the 2024 Copa América stadium breach
Maguire, E. R., Castillo, I. E., & Werstler, S. (2026).
Policing and Society.
Protest policing and the reality of freedom
Maguire, E. R. (2021). Protest policing and the reality of freedom: Evidence from Hong Kong, Portland, and Santiago in 2019 and 2020.
International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 45(3), 299–313.
Policing, State Repression, and the Pro-Democracy Movement in Hong Kong
Maguire, E. R. (2020).
Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice.
Explore More
Learn more about PSI research, publications, and projects related to crowd management, protest policing, public-order policing, and police legitimacy.